What is a public forum under the First Amendment?

A public forum is a place where individuals exercise their right to freedom of speech and assembly, with protections varying based on whether the forum is traditional, designated, limited, or nonpublic. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution ensures certain protections for these fundamental rights.

How does viewpoint discrimination apply in public forums?

Viewpoint discrimination—targeting speakers based on their specific views—is prohibited in traditional and designated public forums. The government must meet strict scrutiny standards when restricting speech content and cannot exclude speakers based on viewpoint even in limited forums.

Are social media accounts by public officials considered public forums?

Yes, federal courts including the United States District Court for the Southern District of California have found that when public officials use social media accounts for official communications, these platforms function as public forums subject to First Amendment scrutiny.

What is the legal definition of proscribable speech under the First Amendment?

Proscribable speech refers to narrow categories of expression that fall outside First Amendment protection, including incitement to imminent lawless action, true threats, obscenity, defamation, fighting words, and child pornography. These categories must meet strict legal tests established by Supreme Court jurisprudence.

What is the current test for incitement to unlawful activity?

The modern standard for incitement was established in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), requiring that protected speech may only be proscribed if it is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action. This test remains the governing constitutional standard.

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